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అందరికి ప్రవేశం

నైరూప్య

A Systematic Review of Hemodialysis Patient Care with a Focus on Cardiovascular Disease Events and the Atypical Role of Hyper- and/or Hypotension

Kristine Warner

Hemodialysis-induced hemodynamic instability is a serious but underappreciated problem. Furthermore, cardiovascular events are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients who have high blood pressure. However, there are numerous debates about the function and management of hyper- and/or hypotension during hemodialysis that must be resolved. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) causes the kidney function to deteriorate over time. As a result, the patient's Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) declines to 60 ml/minute, and the albumin-to-creatinine ratio in his urine rises to >30 mg/g. End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is defined as a total, irreversible, and permanent kidney failure in which the patient's body retains fluid, resulting in the accumulation of toxic wastes. As a result, ESRD patients require appropriate medication to replace and compensate for the work of their failing kidneys.